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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)


ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a neurological disorder that is most common in childhood that can continue through adolescence and adulthood. It affects whether one can stay focus, concentrated, sit still or paying attention. When children or adults is suffering from ADHD, they may have problem focusing on specific task or activities and they have the potential to action impulsively which, may resulted into trouble. These are due to part of their brains that control attention and activity are having differences.

People with ADHD will also have trouble controlling their behavior that it affects their emotions and how well they do in school or other areas of their lives. In fact, ADHD is often viewed as a learning disorder because it can interfere so much with a person's ability to study and learn.

ADHD are broken into 3 types namely, inattentive type, hyperactive-impulsive type and a combined type.

Child that is of the inattentive type will have the symptoms of forgetfulness in daily activities or misplace of things, easily distracted, difficulty following instructions or with sustained attention in tasks / play activities, apparent listening problems, and dislike / avoid tasks that need mental effort.

For child that are hyperactive-impulsive, you will notice symptoms like difficulty waiting for a turn or in line, excessive talking / running / climbing, cannot play quietly, fidgeting / squirming and always seem to be “on the move”.

Most children have the combined type of ADHD which, is combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattention. Six or more symptoms of inattention and six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present.

Although ADHD begins in childhood, sometimes it's not diagnosed until a person is a teen — and occasionally not even until someone reaches adulthood.

In summary, some of the signs of ADHD are as follow:

    * has difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a task or activity
    * has problems finishing assignments at school or home and jumps from one
     activity to another
    * has trouble focusing on instructions and difficulty following through
    * loses or forgets things such as homework
    * is easily distracted, even when doing something fun
    * has problems paying close attention to details or makes careless mistakes
    * has trouble organizing tasks and activities
    * has difficulty waiting one's turn
    * interrupts or intrudes on other people
    * blurts out answers before questions have been completed
    * fidgets with hands or feet or squirms about when seated
    * feels restless
    * talks excessively and has trouble engaging in activities quietly

References:

1 DSM-IV-TR workgroup. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

2 Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, Sklar P. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 2005; 57:1313-1323.

3 Khan SA, Faraone SV. The genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A literature review of 2005. Current Psychiatry Reports, 2006 Oct; 8:393-397.

4 Shaw P, Gornick M, Lerch J, Addington A, Seal J, Greenstein D, Sharp W, Evans A, Giedd JN, Castellanos FX, Rapoport JL. Polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor, clinical outcome and cortical structure in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2007 Aug; 64(8):921-931.

5 Linnet KM, Dalsgaard S, Obel C, Wisborg K, Henriksen TB, Rodriguez A, Kotimaa A, Moilanen I, Thomsen PH, Olsen J, Jarvelin MR. Maternal lifestyle factors in pregnancy risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and associated behaviors: review of the current evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2003 Jun; 160(6):1028-1040.

6 Mick E, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Sayer J, Kleinman S. Case-control study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and maternal smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2002 Apr; 41(4):378-385.

7 Braun J, Kahn RS, Froehlich T, Auinger P, Lanphear BP. Exposures to environmental toxicants and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in U.S. children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2006 Dec; 114(12):1904-1909.

8 Wolraich M, Milich R, Stumbo P, Schultz F. The effects of sucrose ingestion on the behavior of hyperactive boys. Pediatrics, 1985 Apr; 106(4):657-682.

9 Wolraich ML, Lindgren SD, Stumbo PJ, Stegink LD, Appelbaum MI, Kiritsy MC. Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame on the behavior and cognitive performance of children. New England Journal of Medicine, 1994 Feb 3; 330(5):301-307.

10 Hoover DW, Milich R. Effects of sugar ingestion expectancies on mother-child interaction. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1994; 22:501-515.

11 McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok E, Porteous L, Prince E, Sonuga-Barke E, Warner JO. Stevenson J. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2007 Nov 3; 370(9598):1560-1567.